The Drill Stem Component Description Engineering Essay

The Drill Stem Component Description Engineering Essay Section 3 Presentation This section presents general strategies for drill string plan. The plan parts of basic significance and elements controlling drill pipe determination are featured. The term Drill Stem is utilized to allude to the mix of tubulars and extras that fill in as an association between the apparatus and the bore (RGU address slides). It comprises for the most part of Drill Pipe, Drill Collars (DC) and Heavy Weight Drill Pipes (HWDP) and embellishments including bit subs, top drive subs, stabilizers, containers, reamers and so on. Drill stem is frequently utilized reciprocally with the term Drill String which really alludes to the joints of drill pipe in the drill stem. With the end goal of this report, Drill String will be utilized to allude to the string of drill pipes that along with drill collars and substantial weight drill pipe make up the drill stem see fig 3.1. 3.1 DRILL STEM COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 3.1.1 Drill Pipe The drill pipes are consistent funnels generally produced using distinctive steel evaluations to various widths, loads and lengths. They are utilized to move rotating torque and penetrating liquid from the apparatus to the base gap get together (drill collars in addition to adornments) and boring tool. Each drill pipe is alluded to as a joint, with each joint comprising of a channel body and two associations (see fig 3.2). Drill pipe lengths fluctuate, and these various lengths are named ranges, the accessible or progressively regular reaches include: Range 1: 18 22 ft Range 2: 27 30ft Range 3: 38 40ft. Drill Stem. Fig 3.1: Drill Stem with segments. (Heriott Watt University address Notes: Drilling Engineering) Drill pipes are likewise made in various sizes and loads which mirrors the divider thickness of the drill pipe. Some regular sizes and their relating loads incorporate 31/2 in. 13.30 lb/ft and 4 1/2in. 16.60 lb/ft. The showed weight is the ostensible load in air (pipe body weight barring apparatus joints) of the drill pipe. A total posting of API perceived drill pipe sizes, weight and grades are distributed in the API RP 7G. The drill pipe grade means that the base yield quality of the drill pipe which controls the burst, breakdown and pliable burden limit of the drill pipe. The regular drill pipe grades are introduced in the table underneath Evaluation Yield Strength, psi Letter Designation Exchange Designation D D-55 55,000 E E-75 75,000 X X-95 95,000 G G-105 105,000 S S-135 135,000 Table 3.1: Drill Pipe Grades. Drill pipes are regularly used to bore more than one well, subsequently much of the time the drill channel would be in a ragged condition bringing about its divider thickness being short of what it was the point at which the drill pipe was fresh out of the box new. So as to recognize and separate drill pipes, they are assembled into classes. The various classes are a sign of the level of wear on the divider thickness of the drill pipe. The classes can be summed up as keeps as per API measures: New: Never been utilized, with divider thickness when to 12.5% beneath ostensible. Premium: Uniform wear with least divider thickness of 80%. Class 2: Allows drill pipe with a base divider thickness of 70%. It is fundamental that the drill pipe class be recognized in drill pipe use or plan, since the degree of wear influences the drill pipe properties and quality. While indicating a specific joint of drill pipe, the class, grade, size, weight and range must be recognized, the particular could accordingly show up in this way: 5 19.5 lb/ft Grade S Range 2 Fig 3.2: Parts of Drill pipe. (Handbook for Petroleum and Natural gas) 3.1.2 Tool Joints Devices joints are screw type associations welded at the closures of each joint of a drillpipe. The device joints have coarse tightened strings and fixing shoulders intended to withstand the heaviness of the drill string when it is suspended in the slips. Device joints are of two sorts; the pin (male area) and the case (female segment). Each drill pipe has a pin joined to one end and a crate appended at the opposite end. This makes it feasible for the pin of one joint of drill funnel to be cut into box of a past drill pipe. There are a few sorts of hardware joints generally utilized: Joint Type Outline Portrayal Interior Upset (IU) Instrument joint is not exactly the funnel. Apparatus joint OD is roughly equivalent to the channel. Inside Flush (IF) Instrument joints ID is roughly equivalent to the funnel. The OD is vexed. Inward/External Upset (IEU) Device joint is bigger than the channel with the end goal that the apparatus joint ID is not exactly the drill pipe. The apparatus joint OD is bigger than the drill pipe. Table 3.2 Types of hardware joints. (The Robert Gordon University Lecture Notes: Drill String Design) 3.1.3 Drill Collars Drill collars are thick walled tubes produced using steel. They are ordinarily the dominating piece of the base gap gathering (BHA) which gives Weight on Bit (WOB). Because of the huge divider thickness of the drill collars, the association strings could be machined straightforwardly to the body of the cylinder, in this way taking out the requirement for device joints (see fig 3.3). Drill collars are produced in various sizes and shapes including round, square, triangular and winding scored. The smooth and winding notched drill collars are the most widely recognized shapes utilized presently in the business. There are drill collars produced using non-attractive steel used to detach directional overview instruments from attractive obstruction emerging from other drill stem parts. The steel grade utilized in the assembling of drill collars can be a lot of lower than those utilized in drill pipes since they are thick walled. Capacities Give weight on bit Give solidness to BHA to keep up directional control and limit bit soundness issues. Give solidarity to work in pressure and forestall clasping of drill pipes. Fig 3.3: Carbon Steel Drill Pipes. 3.1.4 Heavy Weight Drill Pipe Overwhelming weight drill pipes (HWDP) are frequently fabricated by machining down drill collars See fig 3.4. They ordinarily have more noteworthy divider thickness than normal drill pipe. HWDP are utilized to give a slow traverse when making progress between drill collars and drill funnels to limit pressure fixation at the base of the drill pipe. These pressure fixations frequently result from: Distinction in firmness because of the distinction in cross-sectional territory between the drill neckline and drill pipe. Bit skipping emerging from turn and cutting activity of the bit. HWDP can be utilized in either compressive or elastic assistance. In vertical wellbores it is utilized for progress and in exceptionally strayed wells, it utilized in pressure to give weight on bit. Fig 3.4: Heavy Weight Drill Pipe. (Heriott Watt University address Notes: Drilling Engineering) 3.1.5 Accessories Drill Stem frill include: Stabilizers: these are made of a length of channel with cutting edges on the outer surface. The cutting edges are winding or straight, fixed or mounted on elastic sleeves to permit the drill string pivot inside. Elements of the stabilizer include: Settle the drill collars to diminish clasping and bowing Guarantee uniform stacking of tricone bits to decrease wobbling and increment bit life. To give fundamental divider contact and solidness behind the bit to initiate positive side power to manufacture point when boring digressed wells. Reamers: utilized in the BHA to broaden the all around bore distance across and ream out doglegs, key seats, edges. Penetrating Jars: joined in the BHA to convey a sharp blow and help with liberating the drill string should it become stuck. 3.2 DRILL STRING DESIGN The drill string configuration is done so as to build up the most proficient mix of drill pipe size, weight, and grades to satisfy the penetrating destinations of a specific gap area at the least expense inside worthy security measures. So as to structure a drill string to be utilized in a specific gap area, the accompanying boundaries should be set up: Opening area profundity Opening area size Expected mud weight Wanted security factors in strain and overpull. Wanted wellbeing factor in breakdown Length of drill collars required to give wanted WOB including OD, ID and weight per foot. Drill pipe sizes and assessment class The drill string configuration needs to meet the accompanying necessity: The working burdens (strain, breakdown, burst) on the drill string must not surpass the evaluated load limit of every one of the drill pipes. The drill collars ought to be of adequate length to give all required WOB to forestall clasping loads on the drill pipe. The drill pipes utilized need to guarantee the accessibility of adequate liquid stream rate at the bore for gap cleaning and great pace of infiltration. 3.2.1 Design Safety Factors Structure wellbeing factors are applied to determined working burdens to represent any sudden assistance load on the drill string. They are utilized to speak to any highlights that are not considered in the heap estimations for example temperature and consumption, in this way guaranteeing administration loads don't surpass the heap limit of the drill pipe. Plan wellbeing factor esteems are frequently chosen dependent on experience from working inside a specific zone, the degree of vulnerability in the working conditions for example while working in HPHT conditions, a bigger security factor is applied than while working in less unforgiving conditions. Some regularly utilized structure security esteems are delineated in the table beneath Burden Structure Safety Factor Value Strain 1.1 1.3 Edge of overpull (MOP) 50,000 100,000. MOP of 400,000 have been utilized in ultra profound wells Weight on Bit 1.15 or 85% of accessible Weight on bit to guarantee impartial point is 85% of drill neckline string length measures from the base (API RP 7G) Torsion 1.0 (in light of the lesser of the funnel body or instrument joint quality) Breakdown 1.1 1.15 Burst 1.2 3.2.2 Drill Collar Selection The drill collars are chosen with the point of guaranteeing that they give adequate WOB without clasping or putting the lower segment of the drill string

Art and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workmanship and Gender - Essay Example Ladies have become the foundation to social development and one such building was Gertrude Bass Warner (1863-1951). Warners works have been viewed as developmental and spearheading in the field of Asian investigations. What has pulled in this creators consideration regarding Warners work was her important contribution on the females perspective on the world. In the accompanying areas, the creator will examine one of her photographs, and count on this view. Houseboat Illinois (see underneath) is one of Warners photographic works which the creator has found among the Gertrude Bass Warner Lantern Slides, first endowment assortment at the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History (known as the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art). Warner had committed the assortment in memory of her late spouse Murray Warner. Houseboat Illinois, as a large portion of Warners photographic work, is a gem; a hand tinted photograph taken during one of her journeys. The picture portrays of Gertrude and Murray Warner sitting on their houseboat named Illinois with an Asian guide sitting at the bow of the vessel. Both Gertrude and Murray are perched on wicker seats with a wooden table in the center. On the table there is a cup, a smoking funnel and a journal. Gertrude is wearing a long sleeved shirt and skirt with a cap secured with a pink scarf while her better half is wearing a stripe jeans and coat, and wearing an earthy colored cap. The Asian guide, wearing jeans, long sleeved shirt, coat and top, is exploring the vessel. At the start the foundation contains blue stream water, dull green trees, and some type of yellow and green vegetation that look like a homestead. Warners work is a portrayal of women's activist perspective on the world. A women's activist view, as indicated by Perry (8) studies, uncovered and challenges womens social, political and social positions and drawbacks. But more critically, a women's activist methodology is one which is

Advertisements are a Waste of Resources

In a serious economy, organizations try to convince customers to purchase their items or to benefit their administrations. It is unrealistic to believe that organizations should just stock their stockrooms and trust that buyers will come thumping on their entryways. On the off chance that this is the thing that organizations did, there would be a monetary waste regarding items being delivered yet not being bought.The pundits of promoting assault the type of rivalry it incites by saying it brings about duplication and waste. It is proportional to a weapons contest as in a specific example may exist inside an industry or area concerning the degree of publicizing. So in the event that one contender expands the degree to which it sponsors, others feel it is vital that they do likewise or at any rate participate in some type of publicizing so as to keep up its piece of the overall industry or face the possibility of losing it.The commercial rates during the Indian Premier League (IPL) sea son 6 may be a guide to certain supporters who think promoting is a misuse of assets. For this situation, the asset implied is cash. A ten-second promotion spot cost between Rs 4-4.5 lakhs, while the partner supporters of the occasion PepsiCo and Vodafone shelled something between Rs 40-60 crores each.These are out and out extortionate rates yet organizations must have proof to show that such rates are advocated. It ought to anyway cause advertisers to ask themselves a significant inquiry. Should they burn through cash on making a brand guarantee through promoting, or should they center around keeping their image guarantee by methods for conveying what purchasers need. Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that opposition in promoting includes such waste, it is likewise a driver of advancement and setting new benchmarks. Rivalry is fundamental as it far exceeds its negatives with its positives and is an important imperative of an effective economy.There are a few organizations tha t truly figure out how to make due by spending practically nothing on publicizing. Zara utilizes this technique and does it by utilizing a solid in-store understanding and keeping their racks loaded with the most stylish trend through fast creation strategies. One may state Zara is progressively centered around keeping their image guarantee. Advertisers would concur that commercials ought not be made basically to make a buzz, however to help in the age of sales.An significant point to consider is the brand life cycle, as the pretended by promoting relies upon it. Another brand may discover publicizing a significant capacity to target potential buyers. At this stage, brand acknowledgment is basic and promoting is the best way to fabricate it when there are new items or administrations to offer. A develop brand then again should encourage its scope through publicizing or may even be attempting to bob over from an ongoing decrease in sales.But is promoting a misuse of assets? To respon d to this inquiry, it must be remembered that publicizing doesn’t exist in a vacuum.It must be considered as one of the options accessible in the promoting of items and services.The choice doesn’t lie at the outrageous finish of whether to promote or sit idle, however is fairly to either take part in publicizing or in some other type of deals exertion. It is one piece of the advertising exertion which incorporates bundling, overhauling, direct selling, evaluating and is by and large attempted when it can legitimize being the best and practical strategy to speak to customers.It is an imperative capacity on the off chance that you think about its range and capacity to speak with every potential client and is subsequently utilized broadly by numerous organizations. In the event that an organization chooses to substitute publicizing with another strategy that may end up being less productive, it would bring about financial waste. The utilization of assets for promoting to separate items from contenders would not constantly imply that its utilization has been redirected. Then again and often, it indicates the utilization of assets that would some way or another be inert and in this way stays away from the waste that accompanies such inaction.

A Contemporary Banking Issue Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Bankers remuneration is perceived amongst the core recession triggers, which lured top bankers to engage into socially wasteful investments. Society perceives bonuses as the main drivers of greed and irresponsibly short-sighted behavior (pp. 1). From an economic point of view, the central critiques about bonuses are concerned with risk-taking and short-term orientation. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the design of the overall compensation package appears to have generated bankers myopia rather than the bonus system per se. In fact, most banks now concur that, preceding the crisis, their systems were excessively short-sighted, and are currently striving to base rewards on more sustainable performance criteria such as average growth rates and volumes across longer sampling periods (Gehrig Menkhoff, 2009). Bonuses have stirred widespread aversion feelings because of their asymmetric payoff structure which invites risk-taking by bankers. As such, should the risky investment have succeeded, the manager would have been granted a hefty compensation; whereas even in the unfavourable scenario, he still satisfied with a comfortable fixed salary incurring no further repercussions. Put differently, a bonus-based compensation pac kage fails to penalise accordingly the various outcomes of jeopardising investments and consequently encourages them (Gehrig Menkhoff, 2009). Remuneration is defined as the payment that generally comprises the base salary topped with any bonuses or other economic benefits which an employee or executive receives during employment in exchange for professional services. This term often refers to the total compensation which includes the base salary plus shares or share options, bonuses, pension benefits, and other perks or forms of compensation (Investopedia, 2011). Thus, remuneration can be divided into fixed based pay (payments or benefits not depending on any criteria) or variable (whereby additional payments or benefits are function of performance or various contractual agreements such as depending on sales, profits, return on assets). The above are correlated with the output of the accounting system but may also reward in line with market price of the firms shares. Both these components may include monetary payments or benefits (such as cash, shares, options, pension contributions) or non-monetary benefits such as health insurance, discounts, fringe benefits or special allowances for car, mobile phone (CEBS, 2010). Regulatory bodies, (i.e. G20, Committee of European Banking Supervisors), seem to concur that the inappropriate remuneration structures of some financial institutions have been a contributory factor towards the failure of individual financial institutions and systemic problems in the European Union Member States and worldwide. Remuneration policies that offered incentives and encouraged risk-taking above a certain tolerable degree at institution level undermined sound and effective risk management and exacerbated such behaviour. It was admitted that excessive remuneration in the banking industry fuelled a risk appetite disproportionate with the loss-absorption capacity of the sector (CEBS, 2010). The remuneration of bankers situates at t he very centre of moral outrage succeeding the financial crisis. While regulators are mostly concerned with the remuneration structure which incentivised undue risk-taking, society sternly blames the pay-offs to senior executives of failed banks and large bonuses which rewarded bankers whose activities were entangled with the crisis triggering mechanism. The protest is greatly about the perversity of apparently mischievous prizes for blatantly imposing such costs on other stakeholders. The mainstream analysis of moral hazard (information asymmetry) assumes behaviour to be rational with respect to self-interest, in other words opportunistic in the sense that it takes advantage of chances to achieve personal benefit regardless whether that may happen at the others expense (Dow, 2010). The remuneration policy should be in line with the business strategy, objectives, values and long-term interests of the credit institution. Otherwise, if the variable part of the remuneration consists predominantly of remuneration instruments that are paid out immediately, without any deferral or ex post risk adjustment mechanisms, based on a formula that links variable remuneration to current year revenues rather than risk-adjusted profit, there are strong incentives for managers to shy away from conservative valuation policies, strong incentives to ignore concentration risks, strong incentives to rig the internal transfer pricing system in their favour and strong incentives to ignore risk factors, such as liquidity risk and concentration risk, that could place the institution under stress at some point in the future (CEBS, 2010). The Principal-Agent theory implies that executive compensation should be correlated with the total return to shareholders, commonly by granting ownership of the firm through stock or options. However, despite this frameworks compelling logic, existing empirical support contradicts the effectiveness of the agency theory when applied to executive com pensation (Kakabadse et al, 2004). They are also meant to serve as an effective retention tool for talent in the long term, meaning they should motivate loyalty in successful bankers. However, stock options reward success, but normally do not penalize failure (Branca and Imelmann, 2009). Frabotta (2000a) argued that short-term strategies may in fact achieve differing outcomes to those actually sought, as they may not be congruent with the long-term profitability of an organization (Taylor and Davies, 2004, pp. 468). As such, bankers might seek to maximize short-run profits by employing creative accounting. This comprises methods such as discretionary costs management (i.e. reduction in allowance for doubtful clients with a view to increase net accounts receivable), sales and expenses adjustment, or non-operational profits e.g. asset disposals. Furthermore, medium-term behaviour might encompass income smoothing to reduce earnings volatility and ensure less variable flow of benefit s for the more loss-averse directors. According to Prasad (2008), evidence shows that executives contractually entitled to receive exhilarating pensions, tend to pursue corporate strategies which aim to reduce the overall risk of the firm. As such, these executives embark on fewer risky investment projects, reduce dividends, avoid excess debt or expand the average maturity of corporate debt. Likewise a CEO is more likely to retire voluntarily his pension has vested and is immediately payable. Besancenot Vranceanu (2007) based their study of compensations plans on game theory. The purpose was to analyse whether such structures incentivized managers to engage in fraudulent activities. Their model rendered that under perverse incentive plans managers eluded regulations and committed fraud. Walkers Review Sir David Walkers Review of corporate governance in UK banks and other financial industry entities was requested by the UK government in order to evaluate what prompted the financial crisis and how its recurrence could be prevented in the future. The final report suggests a series of reforms to improve the quality of boards, strengthen the role of shareholders, and increase transparency of pay and bonus structures. At the core of the recommendations lies the clear link which the author identifies between board behaviour deficiencies and poor business performance (Gill, 2009). The Review hints at the idea that some banking groups managed to survive the crisis and in relative terms have prospered, whereas others failed to do so and pleaded mercy from governmental bailouts. This situation indicates the gap in the quality of corporate governance between the two categories (Slaughter and May, 2009). One of the most important and controversial themes in Walkers (2009) Review is the re muneration policy of financial institutions. The recommendations in this respect emphasize that substantial enhancement is needed in board level oversight of remuneration policies, in particular in respect of variable pay, and in associated disclosures. Besides, the responsibility of board remuneration committees should be extended to cover the entire entitys remuneration framework especially executives whose remunerations exceed the median level throughout the board high end category. The term depicts employees who perform a significant influence function and who can have a material impact on the risk profile of the firm. Through deliberate insistence on long-term focus, they should be stand as a major countervailing force against any short-term pressure from shareholders or the executive. Furthermore, with a view to ensuring better alignment of interests, performance conditions and deferment of variable payments for executives should be materially more demanding than anterior industry norms. In other words, it is advised that at least half of expected variable remuneration should be on a long-term incentive basis with vesting, subject to performance conditions, deferred for up to five years. As to the short-term bonus, which rewards the executive for performance in the current year, the proposal is that payments under any award should be phased over a three-year period, with no more than one-third in the first year. The high end pay executives bracket should be expected to maintain a shareholding or retain a portion of vested awards in an amount at least equal to their total compensation on a historic or expected basis, to be built up over a period at the discretion of the remuneration committee. Vesting of stock for this group should not normally be accelerated on cessation of employment other than on compassionate grounds. Despite being convincing at first sight, the Reports main recommendations concerning financiers remuneration mask a more fund amental issue of principle: that the current bonus problem is a creation of accounting fictions of reliance on accrual accounting recognition of profit instead of economic profit. Focusing on earned or realised profit as the basis for bonus entitlement would eliminate many of the highlighted problems. The result of such a change in perspective would be similar to the intent of the Report; however it would possess the advantage of returning the debate to a focus on principles (Paradigm Risk, 2009). What is more, other critics such as Barker (2009) assess the recommendations regarding remuneration to be rather prescriptive or specialised for implementation in the non-financial sector. The Walker Review does not seek to define the quantum of remuneration that should be awarded to board members or other high-end employees. However, it delivers several proposals which target the improvement of the remuneration structure in terms of links with risk taking and performance. An interestin g proposal advocated in the Review is that the Chairman of the remuneration committee should stand for re-election if the issued report receives fewer than 75% of votes cast at the AGM. This would serve to increase the accountability of the remuneration committee vis-à  -vis shareholders. Remuneration packages of banks directors are made up of the basic salary and benefits which are topped by several cascading layers of rewards such as pension provisions and various bonuses. Barclays claimed that it had shown restraint on pay as it revealed that its chief executive, Bob Diamond, was paid a bonus of  £6.5m for 2010. He also earned a  £250,000 salary and was awarded a  £2.25m long-term payment based on future performance. As chief executive he will be paid a  £1.35m salary. Fred Goodwin from RBS was granted  £9m in salary,  £14m bonuses, and  £276,000 extras (relocation expenses, school fees) totaling over  £23m in the past 9 years of employment for the state-a ided financial giant. Skeptics would catalogue these obscene amounts as enormous rewards for failure. What is more, this former CEO gathered a sufficiently high pension pot to allow him the comfort of withdrawing  £703,000 a year pension. Specialist lawyers infer that his contract was wisely and tightly drafted in his favour and very well negotiated. Moreover, the expenses incurred by the company to keep its executives pleased also included lavish benefits such as a permanent luxurious Savoy hotel suite; fleets of cars available at all times, special food, uncalled for refurbishment of floors, use of own corporate jets on regular bases (Dispatches, 2009). Yet results of a study (Fahlenbrach and Stulz, 2011) show that no evidence exists that banks with a better alignment of the CEOs interests with those of the shareholders had higher stock returns during the crisis. Some evidence shows that banks led by CEOs whose interests were better aligned with those of their shareholders ha d worse stock returns and a worse return on equity.

Essay about Discrimination Against the Deaf Culture

The deaf community does not see their hearing impairment as a disability but as a culture which includes a history of discrimination, racial prejudice, and segregation. According to an online transcript,â€Å"Through Deaf Eyes† (Weta and Florentine films/Hott productions Inc., 2007) there are thirty-five million Americans that are hard of hearing. Out of the thirty-five million an estimated 300,000 people are completely deaf. There are ninety percent of deaf people who have hearing parents (Halpern, C., 1996). Also, most deaf parents have hearing children. With this being the exemplification, deaf people communicate on a more intimate and significant level with hearing people all their lives. â€Å"Deaf people can be found in every ethnic group,†¦show more content†¦According to an online journal by Carla A. Halpern, in 1817, a Connecticut clergyman named Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, opened the first permanent school for the deaf in Hartford (Halpern, C., 1996). This d eaf school was for American children which only had seven students and a head teacher by the name of Laurent Clerc. Clec was from the Paris Institution for the Deaf and had been deaf since infancy. He bought to the United States a nonverbal form of communication known as French sign language (Halpern, C., 1996). The technique that Clerc taught was by the use of his hands, which he communicated with French sign language, blended with a bit of signs used by students in the United States. To Gallaudet the language was a inspiration which he called it, â€Å"Highly poetical† (Weta and Florentine films/Hott productions Inc., 2007), but to Clerc and many of the deaf people, the using of sign was natural and useful. This was a result of a created acculturated nonverbal language known as American Sign Language (ASL). As new schools for the deaf spread west and south, American sign language also evolved as well in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Ten nessee, Indiana, Illinois. By the year of 1864, Abraham Lincoln signed a law constituting the first college in the world for deaf students called Gallaudet University and all these schools used sign as a curriculum (Weta and FlorentineShow MoreRelatedChildren With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1222 Words   |  5 PagesBefore 1990 the United States did not systematically have tools or laws in place for Deaf individuals. In 1991, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – a civil rights law was implemented across the U.S [with four sections] that prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities including deaf and hearing impaired people. The purpose of the ADA is to make sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else. Each section of the ADA – employment, governmentRead MoreThe Deaf Community and Deaf Culture Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesFrom antiquity, being deaf was looked upon as an undesirable and a culture which wa s disconnected with the rest of mainstream society. Often members of the community found themselves ostracized by members of other cultures, who viewed them with suspicion, and were thought to be possessed, or in communion, with undesirable â€Å"spirits†, particularly during the advent of the Christianity that was in practice during the Middle Ages. During this period, before the advent of Gutenberg’s metal, movableRead MoreEssay about Colombia Report1229 Words   |  5 Pages The Deaf population in the United States is composed both of individuals Deaf since early childhood and individuals who lost their hearing later in life. The quot;Deaf Communityquot;, a heterogeneous mix of people from all walks of life, represents every socio-economic and racial category. 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The society we live in supports audists beliefsRead MoreThe Deaf President Now Movement And Subsequent Gallaudet University Protest Affect Deaf Community1656 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ‘Deaf President Now’ movement and subsequent Gallaudet University protest affect the Deaf community in America?† Table of Contents â€Æ' Introduction: The Deaf President Now movement and Gallaudet University protest did not only achieve its aims, this revolution brought unity to the Deaf Community

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A.Explains why parties to communication experience conflicting pulls that cause relationships to be in a constant state of flux. The closer individuals become to one another, the more conflict arises to pull them apart. B.Explains why certain groups in society are muted, which means they are either silent or not heard C.Explains why, as relationships develop, communication moves from less intimate levels to more intimate, more personal levels D.Explains why people tend to remain silent when they think their views are in the minority E.Explains how organizations make sense of the information that is essential for their existence F.Explains some of the reasons for changes to speech as individuals attempt to emphasize or minimize the social differences between themselves and their interlocutors G.Explains that people are essentially storytellers who make decisions on the basis of good reasons. History, biography, culture, and character determine what people consider good reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Com worksheet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page H.Explains the process that people use to manage the relationship between concealing and revealing private information I.Explains meanings for routine organizational events, thereby reducing the amount of cognitive processing and energy members need to expend throughout the day J.Explains that mass media has a major influence on audiences by choosing what stories are newsworthy and how much prominence and space to give them K.Explains how different cultures manage conflict and communication. The theory explains that the root of conflict is based on identity management on individual and cultural levels. L.Explains how individuals act toward things on the basis of the meanings they assign to them. The meaning comes from the social interaction individuals have with others and with society. M.Explains the tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions, such as beliefs and opinions. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. N.Explains how people have expectations about the nonverbal behaviors of others. Violations of these expectations may trigger a change in the perception of exchange—either positively or negatively, depending on the relationship. O.Explains how individuals may withhold their opposing opinions to promote cohesiveness. Individuals may also withhold their opposing opinions because they fear rejection by the group. Communication Theories and Contexts Match the communication theories to their contexts by placing the letter of the context in the blank. Note. Letters may be used more than once.

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